Pathways to citizenship for third-country nationals in the EU Member States

Citizenship is a key factor in long-term integration, providing security, political participation and equal access to rights for third-country nationals. How States regulate naturalization has a direct impact on inclusion and social cohesion. The publication compares national approaches to citizenship acquisition across the EU, including residence requirements, language and civic tests, dual citizenship rules and administrative procedures. It highlights major differences in accessibility, transparency and costs, as well as emerging policy trends. The analysis aims to support more consistent and integration-oriented citizenship frameworks.